Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document, dated 01 November 2010, provides a comprehensive overview of aneutronic fusion propulsion technology. The document outlines the history of controlled fusion research, beginning with the work of Lyman Spitzer in 1951 and the subsequent development of various confinement concepts, including magnetic, inertial, electrostatic, and magneto-inertial confinement. The primary objective of the report is to assess the viability of these technologies for aerospace propulsion, specifically for applications in near-space, Earth orbit, interplanetary, and interstellar environments. The report highlights that while traditional deuterium-tritium fusion presents significant challenges due to neutron radiation and shielding requirements, aneutronic fusion—which utilizes fuels like hydrogen and Boron-11—offers a more promising path for space applications. The document reviews current national and international programs, including those funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, NASA, and various private capital investment startups. It provides a roadmap for future development, categorizing milestones into near-term (2010-2020), mid-term (2020-2030), and far-term (2030-2050) phases. Key technical hurdles identified include the need for lightweight, high-strength magnets, efficient plasma injection schemes, and advanced energy conversion systems. The report concludes that while significant engineering challenges remain, the transition of these concepts to space is a critical objective for future military and commercial space operations, particularly for high-power satellites and manned interplanetary missions.