EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE AND UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS: A SELECTED, ANNO- TATED BIBLIOGRAPHY MAR CIA S. SMITH Analyst in Science and Technology Science Policy Research Division February 18, 1976 CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The Congressional Research Service works exclusively for the Congress, conducting research, analyzing legislation, and information at the request of Committees, Mem- and their staffs. The Service makes such research available, without partisan bias, in many forms including stud1es, reports, compilations. digests, and background briefings. Upon request. the CRS Committees in analyzing legislative proposals and issues. and in as essing the possible effects of these proposals and their alternatives. The Service' senior specialists and sub- ject analysts are also available for personal consultations in their respective fields of expertise. TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 19 Archives for UFO Research Arkivet lor UFO-Iorskn1ng 11 Norrki:iping INTRODUCTION The following selected bibliography on UFOs and extraterrestrial in- telligence is prepared as a companion to The UFO Enigma (Library of Congress, 1976) and Possibility of Intelligent Life Elsewhere in the Uni- verse (U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off 1975), both by this author. All UFO bibliographers are indebted to Lynn Catoe of the Library of Con- gress Science and Technology Division for her 1968 comprehensive bib- liography on the subject, and this publication uses many of her citations for pre-1969 works. Sources published after 1969, however, are fo- cused on and are meant to represent all entries in The Library's card catalog, even though some of the books were not available for annotation. The section on extraterrestrial intelligence is separated from UFOs since they are different, although interrelated, fields of research. Many who speculate on the existence of other intelligent civilizations in the universe do not believe Earth has been visited by such beings yet, and do not rely on UFO reports as a basis for their conclusions. As a sep- arate field of interest, books dealing primarily with the possibility of other intelligent life are distinguished from UFO citations, although some could belong in both categories. Time and space have limited the number of selections that could be incorporated, and the inclusions are meant to be both representative of the literature and easily available through local libraries. Therefore private publications. such as those by James McDonald, are added with some reservation since they may be difficult to obtain. Magazine articles are included primarily where they appear in a pub- lication not usually a source for UFO reports (such as Time and Newsweek). Certain magazines, tabloids and newsletters consistently carry such articles and can be used for general research. These would include BUFORA Journal, Fate, Flying Saucer Review, National En- quirer, National Tattler, Saga, Skylook and UFO Investigator. PART I. EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE Abbot, C. G. Habitability of Venus, Mars, and other worlds. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution -19 20. U. S. Govt. Print. Off. , Former director of the Smithsonian Institution discusses the possibility of other life existing in our solar system and on planets orbiting other stars. The author concludes that there is a high prob- ability that there are many other planetary systems in the universe, but as far as our own is concerned, there is only a slim possibility that Venus might have life. Allen, Thomas B. The quest: a report on extraterrestrial life. Phil- adelphia, Chilton Books, 1965. 323 p. ..QB54. A4 Beginning with ancient concepts of the universe as the abode of gods, the author discusses in non-technical language why we should search for extraterrestrial life. Allen reports on the 1961 meeting at Green Bank, West Virginia where scientists first attempted to quantify the possibility of extraterrestrial life, and then discusses possible development of Optiman, a modification of man, and Cyborg, a mating of man and machine, as space travelers. Anderson, Poul. Isaac Asimov. Is there life on other worlds? With an introd. by New York, Crowell-Collier Press, 1963. 223 p. Speculative consideration of what we can be sure does not exist anywhere in space, what probably does exist, and some of the imagina- tive possibilities inherent in space travel. Berendzen, Richard. Search for life in the universe. Vital issues, Dealing with the possibility of life both within and outside of our solar system, the author discusses how many stars might pos- sibly have planets with intelligent life on them, modes of communica- ting with these civilizations, and the wisdom of making our existence known to an advanced society capable of destroying us. Berendzen, Richard, ed. Life beyond earth and the mind of man. Wash- ington, D. C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973. Transcript of a symposium held at Boston University on November 20, 1972 concerning the possibility of other intelligent life in the universe. Participants included two astronomers (Berendzen and Sagan), a biologist (George Wald), a physicist (Philip Morrison), an anthropologist (Ashley Montagu) and a theologian (Krister Stendahl). Berget, Alphonse. The appearance of life on worlds and the hypothesis of Arrhenius. In The Smithsonian Institution. Annual report of the board of regents for the year ending June 30, 1912. Washington, Conception of Svante Arrhenius that life can be carried from one planet to another: Germs swept away by ascending air currents which carry them to the limits of the atmosphere are repelled by the electrically charged dust that has penetrated there, coming from suns that have driven it away by the repelling pressure of their radi- ation. After they have arrived in space they attach themselves to some straying grains of dust of greater dimensions than theirs and which are consequently capable of obeying the attraction of a neigh- boring planet rather than the repelling force of radiation; they then penetrate into the atmosphere of this new planet and bring life to it, if life has not yet developed there. Berrill, Norman John. Worlds without end: a reflection on planets, life, and time. New York, Macmillan, 1964. 240 p. QB54. B4 Speculative investigation of possibilities of life on other planets: nearest and best-known planets are compared with earth; hypothetical planets similar to earth but with one or another feature altered in some manner are examined in order to predict how familiar living things might be affected; life on earth is evaluated to determine which characteristics may be regarded as universal under certain circum- stances and which are special; and imaginative efforts of speculative writers to conceive and describe creatures different from those known to us on earth are presented. Bova, Ben. Planets, life and LGM. Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, Author discusses possibility of detecting radio signals from other civilizations, and notes that when pulsars were first discovered, they were called LGM signals, for Little Green Men. Until their origin was determined, some scientists thought they might be sig- nals from other intelligent beings, and acted as a catalyst for specu- lation on the possibility that we are not alone in the universe. In- cludes discussion on how life began on Earth, possibility of other life in the solar system, and other life in the galaxy. -----Search for intelligence. Astronomy, v. 3, May 1975: 8-17. A brief discussion of the possibility of extraterrestrial intel- ligence in response to the Zeta Reticuli incident, an alledged en- counter between a woman and extraterrestrial visitors. The aliens supposedly showed the woman a star map representing their home solar system, which subsequent analysis showed might be Zeta Bracewell, Ronald N. Opening message from an extraterrestrial probe. Astronautics and aeronautics, v. ll, May 1973: 58-60. The author has previously developed the theory that an intel- ligent civilization would be quite likely to search for other intelligence through the use of unmanned probes and that one might be in _our solar system right now. This article speculates on what the f1rst message from such a probe would be, and concludes that it would probably be a television picture showing where the probe's home planet Bracewell, Ronald N. The galactic club: intelligent life in outer space. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, distributed by Scribner, New York, General discussion of many aspects of extraterrestrial life, including the possibilities of radio contact, unmanned probes that might be in our solar system at this very moment, whether Earth has been visited in the past by interstellar travellers, and the coloni- zation of space. Brookings Institution. Proposed studies on the implications of peaceful space activities. Washington, D. C., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. p. (87th Cong., 1st Sess. House. Report no. 242) CB440. M5 "The implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life," p. 215-216, warns that the discovery of intelligent life in the universe could have profound consequences for earth attitudes and values. It is pointed out that many societies have disintegrated when they had to associate with previously unfamiliar societies espousing different ideas and different ways of life; others that survived such an experi- ence usually did so by paying the price of changes in values and at- titudes, and behavior. Continuing studies are recommended to de- termine emotional and intellectual understanding, and attitudes -- and successive alterations ofthem if any --regarding the possibility and consequences of discovering intelligent extraterrestrial life. The report was prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- Bullseye. Nature, v. 243, June 15, 1973: 371. Description of processes involved in bringing to life the first bull which had been frozen as an embryo, and the implications of this Cade, C. Maxwell. Communicating with life in space. Discovery, v. Methods of communication with intelligent extraterrestrial life and the implications of contact are considered. Establishment of con- tact with a superior race could lead to extermination of the human race. It is probable that intelligent life would tend toward the center of the galaxy because of the higher probability of contacting life there. -----Other worlds than ours. London, Museum Press, 1966. 248 p. Consideration of possibility and implications of other worlds in space and other worlds in time. Cameron, A. G. W. , ed. Interstellar communication: a collection of re- prints and original contributions. New York, W. A. Benjamin, 1963. A valuable collection of original articles by experts in the field of interstellar communication. The following papers are included: Iosif S. Shklovskiy -Is Communication Possible with Intelligent Beings on Other Planets?; A. G. W. Cameron -The History of Our Galaxy, The Origin of the Solar System, The Early Development of the Earth, Future Research on Interstellar Communication, and Stellar Life Zones; Melvin Calvin -Chemical Evolution; Su-shu Huang- Occurrence of Life in the Universe, The Problem of Life in the Uni- verse and the Mode of Star Formation, Life-Supporting Regions in the Vicinity of Binary Systems, The Sizes of Habitable Planets, and Problem of Transmission in Interstellar Communications; Freeman J. Dd]son -Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, and ravitational Machines; Edward Purcell -Radioastronomy and Communication through Space; Sebastian von Hoerner -The Gen- eral Limits of Space Travel, and The Search for Signals from Oth- er Civilizations; Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison -Searching for Interstellar Commumcations; Philip Morrison -Interstellar Com- munication, and Outlook Regarding Interstellar Communication; Frank D. Drake -How Can We Detect Radio Transmissions from Distant Planetary Systems?, and Project Ozma; J. A. Webb -Detection of Intelligent Signals from Space; M. J. E. Golay -Coherence in Inter- stellar Signals; R.N. Bracewell -Radio Signals from Other Planets, Life in the Galaxy, and Commumcations from Superior Galactic Com- munities; B. M. Oliver -Some Potentialities of Optical Masers, and Interstellar Communication; R.N. Schwartz and C. H. Townes -In- terstellar and Interplanetary Communication by Optical Masers; J.P. T. Pearman -Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life and Interstellar Communication: An Informal Discussion; and Robert Ascher and Marcia Ascher -Interstellar Communication and Human Evolution. Conference reports: the CETI program. Soviet astronomy, v. 18, March- Summary of the Soviet Union's plans for research into com- munication with extraterrestrial intelligence (CETI). Primarily a discussion of possible research directions, the report only briefly touches on past opinion regarding the possibility of other intelligent life. Although focussing on radio detection of signals from these oth- er beings, the report does suggest keeping an eye out for unmanned probes that might have been sent here. Copland, Alexander. Existence of other worlds; peopled with living and intelligent beings. London, J. G. &F. Rivington, 1834, 210 p. QB54. C8 One of the earliest published discussions of the possibility of life on other worlds. Stating at the very beginning of the book that he "was taught from my childhood to believe in a plurality of worlds by One whose opinion was the result of many years telescopic observa- tion of the heavens," Copland presents arguments by both those who favor the idea and those who don't. Dalzell, Bonnie. Exotic bestiary for vicarious space voyagers. Smith- sonian magazine, v. 5, Oct. 1974: 84-91. At the request of the Smithsonian Iastitution, Dalzell designed life-forms that might exist on planets with different environmental conditions (gravity, air content, etc. ), and this article depicts some of them. The text explains why certain life-forms would be more likely to inhabit certain worlds. Dole, Stephen. Habitable planets for man. Santa Monica, .California, the RAND Corporation, March 1964. 135 p. QB501. Al Answering the question "Where will man eventually want to go and what will he find when he gets there?" is not an easy task, but Dole discusses severalpossibilities dealing ably with possible planets habitable by man. This excludes the possi ility of other life in the universe, since he is talking about colonization of planets which have the raw materials and environmental parameters necessary for sup- porting human life. Dole, Stephen and Isaac Asimov. Planets for man. New York, Random A less technical presentation of ideas detailed in Planets for Man by Dole. Predicts possible consequences interstellar trips by man. of eventual Dooling, Dave. Speculating on man's neighbors. Spaceflight, v. 17, A description of the exhibit "Life in the Universe" at the Na- tional Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. The ex- hibit is divided into four parts: the Universe, Life on Earth, the Solar Systems, and Communications with Extraterrestrial Civiliza- ti_ons. This exhibit will remain part of the musuem s permament displays when the new Air and Space building opens in July 1976. Drake, Frank D. Radio emission from the planets. Physics today, v. . Predictions based on optical infrared studies of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are compared with radio emission data. Bio- logical significance of infrared surface conditions--based on radio emission data--is assessed. -----Intelligent life in space. New York, Macmillan, 1962. 128 p. As. dir~ctor of Project Ozma in 1960, the first attempt to re- ceiv7 .radio s~gnals from another civilization, Drake is eminently qualified to discuss the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. His book is a primer, beginning with concepts of the formation of the universe and proceeding through a discussion of how many other planets, possibly supporting life, might exist. Includes a brief de- scription of Project Ozma. -----The radio search for intelligent extraterrestrial life. In Mamikunian, Gregg and M. H. Briggs. Current aspects of exobiology. Pasadena, Calif., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1965. p. 323-345. It is concluded that microwave radio signals are the most com- ~on means of inter~tellar communication; that terrestrial technology IS capa~le of. ~a~rymg on a .successful search for signals but that the proJect, if It IS to cope with all the reasonable possibilities, must be one of very great expense, complexity, and duration. It is also suggested that there are many other possible ways in which manifesta- tion of intelligent life might be found, but at present few, if any, ap:pear to offer enough ~ope of success to justify their active pur- Firsoff, Valdemar A. Life beyond the earth. New York, Basic Books, Origin of life on Earth and elsewhere is discussed, its sub- sequent evolution and present condition, and such forms of it as deviate most from human standards and thereby promise insight into alien structures that mayexist on other worlds. Range of environ- ments are examined within which life as we know it is possible as well as organic chemistries that would be viable in environments where terrestrial life could not exist. -----Life among the stars. London, Wingate, 1974. 208 p. QB54. F46 State-of-the-art review of biological and astronomical knowl- edge relative to the possibility of other life in the universe. Folk, G. Edgar Jr. Textbookof environmental physiology. 2d ed. Phil- adelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1974. 394 p. Technical examination of how biological rhythms are affected by environmental or genetic factors. Discussion includes hibernation and affects of low pressure from rocket flight. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de. Plurality of worlds. London, Red Lyon in Paternoster-Row, 1728. 200 p. QB54. F713 One of the early publications on this topic. The book is pre- sented as a series of conversations with a young countess friend of the author, and gives arguments as to why other stars should have other planets revolving around them. Although difficult to read because of the old style printing, it is certainly valuable as a historical reference. Foster, G. V. Non-human artifacts in the solar system. Spaceflight, Stating that there is little doubt of our someday detecting mes- sages from another civilization, the author suggests that during the more than 20 circuits of the galaxy made by our sun during its his- tory, we most certainly have at some time been near another civili- zation. Therefore we should search for remnants from these con- tacts both on the planets and in orbit.