REPORT TO IWLL NO. Film Speed ~ 125 ASA I tJ,~l 1. Procyon: 22h05m.2 exposure For l. to 5., the images are inverted in both axes, so the path on the film of the image is exactly in the opposite direction of the apparant motion. Procyon moved across the frame in a /~"; direction, so when looking towards the object in the sky, it actually moved h{! other hand, Alpha Centauri's path on the frame was / !~ , so it's motion was really /,.:;'1 This inconvenience occurrs because the equipment is not engineered for ordinary photography. In the shots for Alpha Centauri, note the flattening of the trails as time goes by. Alpha Centauri was rising towards the local meridian during these shots were taken. Also note how halving the exposure time halves the length of the path (2. & 3.), but doubling the focal length doubles the length of the trail The times in AEST are for the middle of the exposures. With 5., the double trail is evident because Alpha Centauri is a do~bl2 star. Unfortun3tely, this exposure ran off the edge of the field of view during the time the shutter was open. 6. was a mistake. The was bumped during exposure causing double images of everything. 7. was what was trying to be attempted. Notice when the focal length drops from 4000n~ to 135mm that the double trail is not noticeable because of the lack of magnification. In 6 . & 7., Alpha is in the middle and Ueta is in the left hand bottom corner. ENLfillGER: PRINTs oF r.ffi. H1'NTHORN' s FILM - PRODUCTION DETAILS De Vere Dichromat No 1 Kodak Ekatcolor 'E' 10" x 8 ENLARGER LENS: FILTERS USED * * KEY TO SYriJ30LS m = magr.eta filter y = yello~ filter T = test print F = final print CPE staff attempted to get the backgrou.r>.d of all prints as close to black as possible in order to achieve some standard between the f~2mes. PRJNTS OF f1R HENTHORN'S FIL!'1 - PRODUC7.'ION DETAILS De Vere Dichromat No 1 Kodak Ekatcolor 'E' 10" X 8 ENL..<\RGER LENS: FRJu>'!E NO FILTERS USED * * KEY TO SYMBOLS m ~ magneta filter y ~ yellow filter T = test print F ~ final print CPS staff attempted to get the backg~ound of all prints as close to black as possible in order to achieve s ome standard between the fr~es. &~LARGER LENS: PRINTS OF !1R J-i-:E,""IIITHORN' S FIL;'1 - E!.0DUC:riON DETAUS De Vere Dichromat No 1 Kodak Eka teo lor 'E' 1 0" x 8" FILTERS USED * * KEY TO SYMBOLS magnet a filter yellow filter test print final prim; CPE staff attempted to get the background of all prints as clo~e to -ol<;.ck as possible in order to achieve some standard beb.reen the fra.'lles. PRINTS OF lffi HENTHORN PRODUCTION DETAILS De Vere Dichromat No 1 E~LARGER LENS: Kodak Ek~or * KEY TO SYMBOLS FILTERS USED * m magneta filter y yellow filter T test print F final print CPE staff attempted to get the background of all prints as close to black as possible in order to a chi eve some standard between the frames, PRINTS OF NR HENTHORN' S .FILM - PRODUCTION DETAI~S De Vere Dichromat No 1 Kodak Ekatcolo!" 'E' 1 0" x 8" FILTERS USED * * KEY TO SYMBOLS m magneta :il~er y yellow filter T test print F fina l print CPE staff attempted to get the backgro~d of all prints as claRe t o black as possible in order t o achieve some standard between the f rames. Man's robot envoys to the stars Peter Cole-Adams lD Wuhlaatoa TRINK of U foc 1 momeat. 1114 be a'""-0. Moada)r Ill WllliaiY Joolda&, 251-kllop'aal buodle of ~aDd pdptry called Pioneer 10 wUJ e.-tile ortllt of Neptu111, aDd lllua beCome tile ftl"'l craft effectively to t tile eolar It will uve traveUed 1101111 5,'150,000,000 kllollletnliD tile II yean --ill IIUDClla& lllvtoc alnll4y IIIMVed llle tlnl dole ea- couler willa Jupller ud tile t1n1 aw.a af llle ....... ben. It wfll be 4.521 ,17Ul2 kiJo. ..._,._tile SuD. ud beyOad ... af Ill~ ,._. II will be ......._ 11 41.270 IIIIDalelnlaa llour. To c:oww 1M-dllluce, tile IPICI lll111Ue Cllllleqer WOIIIcl IIIVe to 011111 llle Bar1ll about Atllle r11t or IDIIIclla&UJUc:aJ illdJialloa, I Clll 1110 report IIIII ~ It wUJ llave received llelllly 100,000 ~ from Earlll. 1114 tnlllmllled more 111111 121,000 mlllloD bib of IICieDUftc clall !:lila. addla& ~rably to our llDowled&e of tile lOIII' II Is 11111 MIICiiJI& JDellllel or dllcovery over ill ellbl-waa radio nery clay -lllspen ac.-tile void 11u1t Ide. four bours 1114 20 travelllnlat llle speed of IJtltL to :reacb borne 'bue at Amea Raearc.b Centre, In C.llfornla. From Its limCIII toconcelvably Vlftlale potot, out tbere at 1be ecSee or DOIIIIRI 1114 every. tbiJI&, Eartb II but a U11y pinpoint of illbl tllld tile Swllllelf Is a pele dllc no lupr 111111 a plllllead. ADd tbe IDcredlble joun y Is 11111 DOt over. DOt by a very 10111 dlalll. NaUoaal .u..-uucs and ~ AdmlllillralloD sclentls13 IIIOiber el&bl years, out to a dl- lallce of 8000 mlllloo kilometres. A1W' tbal. llle little lllllp wiU be on ltsoWII, a 1011 'WIIIde(er lb infl~ 11J Ntlqa llleal -&e hm Wilen It -lftacbca OD 2 bollllclary, tile " Hellopause", as maaldDd. ill tile focm of aa ea-Mardi 1172. lle lillie spececraft believed to Ue jill! beyODd JupUer. p-aVed plaque, to 1111 1J11e1111et1t. -dellpedtolllljult21 mc.tba ~IOISaolltlmelllultflr betopWIIOIIIppell.lalpi'OMbly, to -tile 111M It~ t.Ue to make out, UICIIIIllliU lOt eacouolerecl ~:-AI~-lllow tile lOCaUOil ill IIJIIDriC ~ trQ J-ll ......-ter, Its pr1llary 8llllloa. Now, Aeconlill& to NASA, PIOilftr 10 of 1M l!arllllllld lOIII' .,_ tllld IDOn 111111 11 year& later. IDOit of bas 1110 fOIIIId tbatllle beUoapllere tile _.,. ftprea of I -tllld a IIIICieallflc ....._. era IIIII cuape Ill a111Pe like a llqe, pul -(lie ....., 1111 IIIDd boldJJ fluldlllllq well. 1111111 jeUytllll ill respoae .10 rabled Ia ..a.. llllllaadia& de-'IIIII t1n1 Ylllt Ill Jupiter bJ !D8plllc 110rma on tile Sun. It Is murety al lila llcla). IAJ ...-~ -a -believed, ays Dr Jobn Simp- Doll'! IIOid your brealll walllal ICilllllflc ll'lllnlpl. ~ 10 wu 1011, a CIIICIIO Ulllverllty apert, for a repiJ from -oulnlld able to radio IMICk ..,oflllllloa lllal tile llellospllere bubble cre- lnlerllellar femlalll Tile boltiDI COidlnnlq tllll Jupiter II a IJqu1d atecl by tile 1.8 mlllloo-kllometre calalllle IIIII tile craft's 11ean1t plaDet It provided tile tint IIIOdal aa-bour 101ar triad "brea~es" In appraecll to IIIOIIItr star ll)'llem of JIIPiter's pullallll& .... 8lld out aboUt oace every II years. <luriD& tile H&ll50,000 yn wW spaen 8lld po...erftil radlalloa And turlber marvellOus dllcov probebly be wllea II -tritbiD belli, _,.tile -8lld cleo-eqes may yet lie abeld of Ploaeer 3.27 illbt yean of lbe liar a.. llll*ofllsplaael..,..-.,tllld before illls ouce.-eau.ary 148. T1lll lliOIIId lllppeo 32.110 )IIO'IIded 111e tlnlc:t.Hppkturea or 11111111klnd disappears 11110 tile years from - of Ill speciiC1IIar pal red spot. lnlerlllllar uakaown. Actllalty, to Y IIIII Ploaeer 10 By b ..... 111M"'- PIODeer data Is now beiRI Uled Will be teavtoc our lOIII' I)'Wiem oa ra- - to Melt an nplanalloo for 111e mys- Monday IS aa overllmpltncauon. erold beH. ~r ~ lllal tertoua deVIallotls lo tile ortllts or By cn.~DC tile orbit of Neptuoe 11. It presented lillie daaaer to Uranus aod Neptune. Since It Is will, llo,..ver, be fartller out from 1P1sf:era:!eo, Pioneer Its now believed lllal Pluto a ad Its re- tlle Suo t11a11 aoy IUIOwn pllllel IIIIer alllp PIODeer _ wlllcll IS cently diJcoverecl telllte Charon (Pluto Is nonnally tile outei'IIIOIII travelllalln llle oppGiite direction lllve a IIIUI Ollly one ftllh lllat or ptaaet. but Ill orbit Is 10 eJUptlcal DOW tome-Earlll's maon. IIIey could not eert IIIII II will be lulde Neplllae's W1lere ~eentlle orbits of S.IVD Ute oec_,-y araviiiiUonal puU to orbit for tbe oat 17 years, and will a ad Uraaua tile oilier side of tile accoWII for Ill-lrrqularlll IIIIlS oever caleb up trilla Plooeer.) Sua_ IIIVe pnwtded weallll of So, 11 Ia speculated. there must tbere are oilier deftallloas of -..... tbe lie-..-be somellllq else out lbere, IDd tbe llmlll or llle solar system. ODe -" ,.._..... ~ over latormauon reported back by tile -8DCI tbe sdeaU!Itl llope llult lllelr liA1 lrlalmltlall. (PIODeer two Plolleers, from lllelr oppollte Pioneer ...UI tell Ulem more aboUt power eq~&lvaleat eocb or tile 101ar system, may yet II before Its power falls -Is tile to a Cllrtllma tree IIPl> provide tile aiiS'Orer. nuCilllllq bolladary ~een tile Pioneer loformalloo 1111 Jllll poalbly, Is a -teotll perbaps8000to13,000m11Uookllo-the SUD'I oucer almolpbere tbat kilometres beyolld Neptune. melr'es out. surroulldl tbe entire eolar sy11em doae 111rfac e Is so unrenecuve In tile meaoUme, II Is worlll lllle a 11uee mapetlc b~&bble- llult It bas so far escaped visual recalUo& ~t Pioneer 10 bas tencb mucll fartller tlllo prevlou-del~tloa. already acllleved. ty tbOU81Jl Not so looa aao. llle .ucemallvely, II could be a P""'.,. 18,000 mlllloa kilometres beyond our oulermOII planets. or a so-ailed "blac k bole", lea times tile Sun's mus and twice as far enlllll working trill! NASA caiCIIIIIe tbal a "small IIICI close" (all 111111111 are relative) lentil planet would s e n far more pres- ......, Oil 0111 Pioneer 111111 oo llle oilier. lt. lalpr, more dillanl body would 1111 at botb almosl equally. Tllus IIIey will be carefully llu<ly- 1111 llle trajectories of llle two spacecraft u IIIey escape from llle solar system In llle 110pe of dllcov mqwbetber llle mystery body Is a planet, or a dark star. or some- Anyway, wblie tile Pioneers con- llletr amazing battle tpiiiSI tile tyraaoy or -..c:es beyond comprebeulon, two more soplllsll- cated American spacecran uve been fOIIOWIJII In tllelr nke. Tbeae are Voyqer I 1114 U, both lauacbed towards Jupller aod S.tum lalt77. Durlll& 1179, as tky passed cl-by Jupiter, tile two Voyaaers 10011. more lllaa 3.1.000 piCtures or the llqllld plaaet 184 liS ftve major satellites. nntably tile Planet 10 wlllcll lunled out. to e'ltryODe'l astODIIbmeat. 10 be dolled trill! erupUq volcanoes. Boll Voyqers went on to Sat urn. Voyqer I, like tbe Pioneers. Is no beaded ouc of tbe 101ar system. Voyaeer ll's trajectory sbould carry tt, In Jan~&ary 1116, 1o an e11C011111er wllll Uraaus. II sllould lllea J1111 !If Neplllae In 1881 before 11. too, escapes lbe solar system. Mucb, lllllcll cl-r to iiOme. a mere year's crulslq lime away. llle IOD&-11111111 .. VlkiD& mlsslotl to Mars seems nuuy to \ave dell ered Its last blear or Information to llle walttqscleatllls at bome. Some days aco. tile jet propullloo laboratory a t Puadeaa. C&llfor- made one more attempt to JeiUI COIIIIDIIIcb IO VJalo& Lander I -llle lUI operative etemeot o f ille twCHJrblter, .,.o-lallder ..U. sloa -but tile bil dlsll receiver outside Caoberra detected no Tile Vtkllll orbUers and landers had arrtved off Mars In 1976, and all operated beyon4 lllelr desiaD Ufelimes. proYidlnc vall amounts of lnformaUon to ad4 to tllat acq~&lred 111 earlier Mars ll\lsslona. Glveo IIIII record of success In planetary eKPioraUon. II Is Odd - and, IIIIIIY scleotllls tlliDII, tnlllc -IIIII lbe Ulllled Slates pllos llO furlller plaoetary milsiODI UDUI 1886 wbe11 a opaceeraft called Gallleo Ill be tauncbed to Jupl ter to follow up tile work of llle Pioneers aiUI Voyqen. Gllllleo Is to be a bilbiY com craft. ei81Jlol 2550 llllo- arams. About 150 clays before II arrives at Jupiter In Aupst 1988, a separate probe veblcle will be detached from II and melle Its lodepeodent way to Jupiter aDd desceo4 directly Into tile pllnel's atmospllere to provide tile first 4lrect ampUnc or Its compoalltoo and p.--ure. After about ao bour It Ill bave penetrated lnlo pre. llllfiS equal to 15 to 20 Earll! atmospheres and IDteDJe heal wblcb will crusb aod llleo vapor- Meaoblle tile Gallleo orbiter, havlo& nowo wtlllta 970 llllo- metres of llle votcaolc satellite 10. - trill place ltMlf Into orbit around Jupiter to beliD cloae-rance stu<! les or tile la,.....C planet In the _ solar system at close raaae for alm051 two years. Jupiter II a eource or tascloa tloo to tile oclent.lsb, who believe Ills made of llle Orilillal mate rial from wb.lcllrs form. other autllomed plan- ellry miJ81oo oo NASA's boob - II bas yet to be funcled -Is a four- ney to Venus to male a radar map- survey of 11181 planet. lt Is scheduled lo r launching In 1988. NASA's SOlar sys~em exploration commltteo Is aiiO uf8ina approval lo r tbtee otber mlasioos U\Js cen tury-a llolars eeosclence<limalo- IO&Y orbiter to be laWicbed to 1890; a rell<lezvoua will! a comet tllld ao asiA!roid nyby In tile early 19t0s. and a mislloo to ntan. S.tum's laraest moon, to be launcbed ~ Sclenlllis llllnk TIIIIO Is tile only body In our 101ar system wllote atmospllere may coataiD the four elemears eseoltal to tile forma or ure: carbon, llydroaen. and oxyeen. H.,...er, Tl tan's cold Is so e.areme lllat II ould illblbll llle formation ot lbe complez orpalc molecules nec5- IUY for Uvlq orpolSmS. Tllese are uctllna. 1114 ._,. Slve. projeCts. bUt even If they are Blllllorlsed the COSI of mcll a pro- aram. a boll I 1300 lllllllon to I 1184, would be only about a llllnl of wba t llle planetary Prosram c Oli In Its beyday. tbe US sent 32 un- manned spacecraft to oilier wortcb In tile IIMIOs aad II In lbe 1970s. bas happened IS tllat pure etqlioraUon bu ill rec:eat years Idea a poor second place to tile space slluttle proaram -wllll Its commercial and mllllllry appllca IIODS -In Amertcan priorities. and cOli overruos 111 the slluttle Pf011'8111 lllve caused 4e- lays and cancellations o f nplora- tory mlasiODL (GaiUeo tllld Oilier future m~Sons trill be carried IDto Earll! orbit by tile lbuttles, aod lauoclled from tbere.) romance or discovery, lo sbort, Is bellll oversllldowed by tbe profit mOIIVI Ud ROIIald Rea 88ft' S fasctnallon With 'Siar Wars' tecbDOICJiies. II see1111 a pity, aDd claqerou 1110. Never mlad, muca bas already beell leanatcl. lad lllere Is more to COllie. TIM Plooeers UICI lbe Voy- qln are IIIII out lllere, 'llldelllaa -ceJesUalllcl"-lad brlllaiDc ua tile mUik: of the splleres. l./'tljL;l.tiiV\ /\.C. T, A t-J r-~ f x. D VISJOLE 5/\TELLITE r/\SS~S DULLETIN tormE CT AT PrtE.SE ~T DATE. L w~r:~ rnroJcTJn:;~ r.r.r: ccr:~'uTr:o mc1 HlFn nml spnpu~:o O'l r,n;)r,'"o s~!\CE rt '"'IT crmr-r: or-T!'r: r~!\rrw:l\t. flrrrt'l\trTI[S N I):: :1 t::.e::J'iLY tr.t;::o:::.o OH ElSE Ui:CAYtr;G C3J.::ClS m:;;~LI:i\::D j,: ... .~;u.:SCi..:ilf f'.S Tl,i..'f !U.-HliUl il:t AJr;U~IFIJU\E. OIIIEHS <ft.> Tfl>; ~t,irr lllr: 17. Jl.l.l l' :lnTf.f) 1:t ir:: SWJ, <E> h 111r:113 G~I /\1 lUI 11:!: 1 n;:; lf,'JICi\TC3 n!J\T 11::: Si\TtllllE IS fWT !LLt;.ilfl,\'ili.> Ai' Tilt ~lii'ICD Till;; Of fi.'l,;( (fi!lll llEVi\TION OUT IS VtSIGLE E/\l'lllER. , A PlUS 3IGN INDICATES THAT VISIBILITY OCCURS .~N~Y t-FTER T!~;: STAlED Tlri!: o:: tVV:li'IUi1 ELEVA7JmL