Final Report forteprod Electric Propulsion Study Sep 1988 to August 1990 Author: Science Applic3tions International Corp. D.L. Cravens 21151 Western Torrance CA 90501-1724 for Public Release Distribution is unlimited. The AL Technical Services Office has reviewed this report, and it Is releasable to the National Technical Information Service, where it will be available to the general public, Including foreign nationals. Prepared for the: Astronautics Laboratory (AFSC) Air Force Space Technology Center Space Systems Division Air Force Systems Command S. Government specifications, a definitely Government procurement operation, formulated, furnished, way supplied specifications, be regarded implication or otherwise, or corporation, or conveying permission manufacture, be related Applications International Corporation, completion Astronautics Laboratory AL Project is approved distribution accordance the distribution on the cover the DD Form Technologies Astronautical T h e B lack Vault The Black Vault is the larges t o n l ine Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth a t : h t tp://www.theblackvault.com This document is made av a i l a b l e through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: C yc I ICATION OF tNIS PAOE DOCUMENTATIOM In. REPORT CLASSINICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE UNCLASSiFIED Is. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 3. DISTRIBUTION IAVAILAILITY for Public Release; Distribution ,.s DEFLASSIFICATION/OOWNGRADING UnlumiLted 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT S. MONITORtNG ORGANIZATION REPORT NJUMBER(S) OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Applications1 appikable) International Corporation Astronautics Laboratory 6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIPCode) 7b. ADDRESS (City, Stat.e, and ZIP Cod) 21151 Western Torrance CA Ga. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION ORGANIZATION (If applicable) 8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Cod.) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS ELEWNT NO. NO. NO ACCESSION NO. (include Security Classification) Propulsion 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) TYPE OF REPORT TIME COVERED DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT FPROM &8fMQUL.. T SUPPLEMENTARY 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse If necessary and identif bv block number) propulsion, Conservatc!,n experimental design, momentum non-conservation it , BSTRACT (Continue on reverse If necessary and Identif by b report reviews and experimental approaches between gravitational and electromagnetic fields. The theoretical section develops relativistic dimensiunal that electromagnetic effects can interpreted. on modifications Maxwell equations field vector equations. The theories propose specific experimental can verify the electromagnetic gravitational interactions. recommenda- for experiments that would both verify the theories as a basis propulsive syst*ms that would convert electromagnetic inertial momentum. 20. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILfTY OF ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION (M UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED E3 SAME AS RPT. Q3 DTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c. OFFICE B. MEAD, JR. DD Form 1473, Previous editions are obsolete. CLASSIFICTION OF THIS PAGE document is the final report for Task 07, Electric Propulsion the Research Applications Scientific Engineering Assistance provides support Astronautics Laboratory Force Project Applications International Corporation the contractor and Dr. Robert Long, Jr. is Program Manager. The duration task was 21 September 30 November Force Task Manager task was Dr. Franklin Mead, AL/LSVF. Cravens was the Principal Investigator principal technical contributor Pharis E. Williams, who was consultant on this task. author wishes to thank Dr. Pharis Williams and other tireless theoreticians spent years slowly working and removing rocks from the difficult path to the unified others idly stand by complaining road is too rough and may never Accesiori For Unzinnoiiced JuStificdbtori OistribiJtionf Availabdliy CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THEORETICAL 1.4 CHIRALITY -Odd Number of Space-Like 2. THEORIES 2.2.4 Corben 2.3 DEVELOPMENT 2.3.4 Limits to Conversion Rates oelectric Potentials in Gravity Fields ........................... 43 2.3.7 Field Vectors and Equations in 5-D 2.4 CONSERVATION 2.4.2 Conservation ofLinear Momentum ...... ........... 50 2.4.6 Conditions 2.7 COMPATIBILITY OF 10-D STRING 2.9 ROSEN'S 2.10 NONCONSERVATION 2.11 PARTICLES IN 5-D CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTS 3.1 APPROACH TO SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTS RADIATION PRESSURE 3.3 BIEFIELD-BROWN 3.4 CONDUCTIVE 3.5 GRAVITATIONAL ROTOR ALIGNED NUCLEI -MAGNETIC ROTATIONAL 3.7 NONINDUCTIVE EM TRANSPARENCY OF CONDUCTIVE 3.9 MAGNETIC LOOP SPEED OF LIGHT IN A 3.11 CHARGED 3.12 THERMOELECTRIC$JRAVITATIONAL 3.13 BINARY PULSAR 3.14 PROTON SCATTERING 3.15 INERTIAL MASS 3.16 AN IMPROPER EXPERIMENT CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDICIES Appendix Page TRANSMISSION THROUGH CONDUCTIVE E POSSIBLE "ANTIGRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS" .......................... 3 Modification 4 Modification of Maxwell's Fourth Equation The primary objective of this task is to outline physical methods to test theories of inductive coupling between electromagnetic and gravitational forces and to determine the feasibility of such methods as they apply to space propulsion. To this end information was sought, assembled used, first to develop a theoretical approach and finally to suggest some practical experiments that propulsive implications. It was found that the lack of reliable experimental results has greatly limited the theoretical understanding and development of inductive theories. However, experimental approaches are outlined. The most theoretically satisfying experimental approach is the use of a torsion balance and bolometer system to quantify any differences between radiation pressure density and energy density over a range of light frequencies. Also, it is possible to study the role of divergent currents segments of a circuit. Several experimental claims having direct application to the coupling problem have been made through the years and seem to have gone unexamined. It may be more confirm or deny these claims than it is to start in a completely new direction. Four of these claims seem to be intevsting enough to examine: 1) T. T. Brown's propulsive forces developed from an asymmetric capacitor charged to high potentials, 2) W. Hooper's V x B forces with claims of gravitational shielding and field production, 3) examination of forces resulting from divergent currents, and 4) investigations of the Mach principle. All these have a stigma attached to them due to the establishment's view of the nonexistence electromagnetic and gravitational coupling and other historical and personality conflicts. However, if any of these bre correct, they could lead directly to futuristic propulsive systems. A five-dimensional theory is developed in this report to establish a theoretical framework in which experimental approaches can be understood. This is done to give a direction to the proposed experiments. Note: References to published works are indicated in the text by numbers in parentheses, e.g., (1). They are listed at the end of this document in Section R. INTRODUCTION Current chemical rockets are approaching their theoretical limits in terms of specific impulse make any dynamic new advancements in mission abilities we must seek new and nonconventional approaches to propulsion now so that revolutionary concepts are available advancements. Such advances as nuclear, solar, and electric propulsion offer very promising Isp performances for near-term applications. limitation common to all however, is that the traditional Newtonian physics is restricted by the law of conservation of momentum. This means that all such systems, regardless of their power sources, must utilize some fuel in their exhaust. Conventional physics rules out any departure from the conservation of Recently, however, physics has seen a multitude of new theories that try to unify all of physics. One specific set of multidimensional theories has approached the unification problem by inductively coupling the electromagnetic (EM) forces with the gravitational forces. Inductive means that a conversion between gravitational and electrical forces is possible. Inductively linked theories indicate that the interactions between the two forces may open for the interconversion of electric and gravitational events, just as magnetic and electric events interconvered. This means that inductively coupied theories may offer ways to convert charges into masses. This is similar to the way the fourth dimension has supplied a method of converting mass into energy. motivation for such a study is the recent advances in unified field theories. Even though there has been no single accepted theory, several things are now clear. If unification of fields is possible then interconversion is likely. It is only a matter of determining the size of the coupling constant. Should such conversion be possible, the power density made available would be 10 orders of magnitude beyond nuclear events. This conversion and inductive linkage of both charge and mass by the new theories may open whole new avenues to propulsion. Most multidimensional attempts at unification try for unification of all four of the fundamental forces. The emphasis of this report, however, was limited to the unification with electrical effecis. This leads to te possibility of new practical propulsion To this end, the report concentrated on 5-D theories that allow for nonzero coupling. For comparison of the theories, two areas were considered: self energy of a charge and field equations of modification to the Maxwell equations. The reasoning is that these (and cosmological for experimental ultimately propulsive theoretical was originally complexity the theoretical developed. examination, originally unification were constructed that conservation later point significant conversion of electromagnetic the development propulsion theoreticians preconceived the nature conservation have adjusted their theories accordingly. Historically gravitational Theoreticians to conjecture the nature interconversion of gravity the emphasis but steady resurgence in gravitational Most studies, cosmologically laboratory theoreticians to studying possibilities interconversion of electric gravitational and little is currently available. case where high funding potential; in funding drastically Theoreticians are a potentially is the view it is beneficial to develop be emphasized be targeted at theories experimentally verifiable have gravitational Furthermore, supportive accelerated