FinalReportofthe ScientifjcStudyofUn;,dentifiedFlyingObjects condllctedbythe'in:',ersityofColorado undercontracttot~eUnitedStatesAirForce Dr.EdwardU.Conde, ScientificDirector VanielS.Gillmor Rl'~;(';jrcll,USAI",undercontractF44(~U-67-C-0035. Final Report of the Scicntifi c Study of Un',dentified Plying Objects cond'Jcted by the "r!;.versjty of Colorado under contract to t)liJ United States Air Force Dr. Edward U. Condr. Scien~ific Director Daniel S. Gillmor 1\1.'<;('iHCil, tJ~;AI", undl'r contract F44( .U-67-C-0035. T h e B lack Vault The Black Vault is the larges t o n l ine Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth a t : h t tp://www.theblackvault.com This document is made av a i l a b l e through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: CopyrightQ1968byth~;!Boardof!{cgcnts ('ftheUniJer'.;'tyofColorado Allrightsreserved Nopartofthisboo:"laybereprOdU,'(lJjn Inyform,byphotostat.1:ic"11ilrn.xero;~rarhy, orilny(It,i\C'r",.caw.;,Iii-c1".lut.hc'-.vritten permissionofthe'cl'pyrlghtCMller, '.nththeexr.:cpti0",)ll'0r re<:tillnl)fgr ammat1cal andtypogr8~,hical('fro!':;m~lde1nthis()dition,it isareprodl.lL'tinnoftil,.'tl'pOl'tsubmi,[l,dtothe NationalAcadf~myof';cil'nr:~'sonNOV~'lllbl'r15,1968, fl1ritsscl.cntiLi<:rl'vtpw. Copyright Q l!I(,H by t;'~, Board of !('g('nt~; of the L~iJers'ty of ColDrado All rights reserved No part of this boo: I.lay be reprodu,'~)J in .FIY form, by photostat. \; iC").Li.lm. xeror;raphy, I'ermiss ion of tilr.' cl!i,yr I ght c',mer, h'Lth the C'x<.:cptio" .,1 correctiull ,)f grammatical and ['ypographlcaL l'rron; m:lde in this P(itt ion, it is 3 [eprOdlJl'ti')!l of til,! rt'POl't SUbOli Lf'tl to the Nat ional Acad~,my of ';c i('ll :l'S on Nuvl'lIll1pr 15, 1968, I (l[ it ~ scLpllt: il.i, r<.'vi.C'w. U~IIV;~H5IYY0 FCOLORADO October31,1968 TheHonorableHt:lroldBrown SecretaryoftheA~t'Force TheP.enta'Jon Vl<lshinqton.D.C. DearDr.Brown: PursuanttoContractNo.F44620-67-C-0035 beh.ecntheUnitedS'':utesIiir.Porceandt'h.eUni- versityofColorado,1transmithcn;;l...ithelle rinalreportoftheScientific?l:1.ldyofUnidenti- fiedFlyingObjects. AsfOUknow,theUniversityundertookthis studyatthpursingoftheAirForce.notonlyfor itsfurelyscientifictlspects,butinorderthat therell1ight:bencquestionthatanyofthellk\ttern reportedhC=l)~C.inreflect.anyt:1:!"JJotherthunstrict attentiont.l1t.hedi~c0veryJ.nlidiscLOGureofthe facts.Iw:mt.totakethi1,;OCC<.lSlOnto,"',ssureyo:) th<..tIundclthodirectionofDr.Edwd,::,d1J.Condon, thest.udyl.c~3beenmadeandther.eport.)1 epared wiellthisthouqhtconsti.mtlyinm':..nd.'!:'heAir ForcehasbE'cnmost.(,:copcr"tiva,})othif.respect toCurni~jhjnqthepJ:u~octwithd11.i.n.(or.mationin .;.t.spossc,,,si.(mbc'-tr.:Lnquponthesub-jeeLmi]~tcrof theinvcsti]ationund,cquullyimportunt,jn pursll.inC!11((:~)cl'upulQuslyupolicyofcOntrletl~ non-intcr'l.:~u"\,.:tb.DieworkofDr.Condonc'.nd hisstdt:1.het8i;neverpeonthesliq'}",~e:,'c sU~1"lJest.i.ono(ill,yof.ortonth(;~partoftheAir Forcctoit"flucn,'ceithert:heconductofthe in'restig<ll:i.':1northe\'ontent'Jfthiqi"Cport. U~IIV;:R51"Y OF COLORADO October 31, 196H The Honorable H<:lrold Brown Secretary of th,,! Al.r Force The T?entch:Jon \lqshinqton, D. C. Dear Dr. Brown: PUrS1121nt to Contract No.F44620-67-C-0035 behJecn the Un.i.ted S'.:ates Id 1'-Force und the Uni- versity ot Cell.oraclo, r transmit. lH're'"ith T~he iinal report of the Scientific .c<:'lldy of Unidenti- [ied FlyIng Objects. A~" yOU know, tlw, Univer.it-.y undertook this study at thp ur~inq of the Air Force. not only for its ~urely scientific uspects, but in order that there l11ight: be nc. 'i"uest ion that any of the ITklttern report<~d h~)J~e; n re flect. anyt:l: reT ot her thun strict attention to the di"cvvery <lnti disc l.oullre of the facts. I w:mt to t..;t],e thi,"; occaS1()n to C'.ssure yo~) tllut, undel the ctirect ion ot Dr. Edw'l,:"d I). Condon, the study 1,,1:3 been made and the r:cp,:)rt. i1,~cpilred wi t11 th.'\.::i thouqht canst-outly in mi.:lj. 'rhe Air For.ce J1<1S nE'en l110st, '~coperi,ti V0, l>oth i r. respect to l:ttrni!;hir,q the P.l:,)'(?ct with all .inIor.mdtion in .;.t.s po:3r;c,:;sl.<Jl1 be',lr:,-r!'! upon the sub-ject ma'!::tcr of the jnvcsti]ation ~nd, cquully important, j~ pllrSllinc! 11,( :;cl:upulo\w.Ly J. policy of comr1ct,] non-inte:r'.l!_l! ." \-l':t.h trlc war.k of Dr. Condon <.:nd his stood., .ilct13 l -' nevor paun the sli(l}"~CIl'c sUc'J'Jcst.i.on or illY oJ: .,ort on the part of the Air Force to ipflllcn,',': oJ,ther: the cono.\l(~t of the inrestig<lt:i.':1n or the rontent ':)(' thi..:: l:CpOt't. TheHonor.;l.l;lnHaroldBrown October31,1968 .I\'saconsequenceofthiscooperation andofadiligenteffortonthepartof BCientir,tsatthis!Jl~iversity,attheEnviron- mentalScienceServicesAdministration,at.the Ndt~on~lCenterforAtmosphericResearch,and atot1leruniversith~l;andscientificinstitu- tion~,ther~porttransmittedtoyouherewithis, Ibelieve..asthorouqhasthetimeandfundl3 allottedtorthepurposecouldpussiblypermit. Wehopeandbelievethat.itwillhave theeffectofplacingthecontrov~rnyastothe natureofunjdentifiedflyingobjectsinaproper seientU:icperspec:tive.Wealsotrustthat.i.t Willstimulatescj.entificres~archalonglines thatmayyieldiwportantnewl...no....lea.ge. ,~incerelyyours, The Honora.l")le Harold Brown October 31, 1968 As a conseql.ence of this cooperation and of a diligent effort on the part of scielltifts at this TJniversity, at the Environ- mental. Science S~rvices Administrat ion, at. the NdtJ.oni.\l Center for Atmospheric Research, and at otller universitie:; and scientific institu- tion~, ~he r~port transmitted to you herewith is, I be Hove.. as thorouqh as the time and fundi:; allotted tor the purpose could possibly permit. We hope and believe that .it will have the effect of placing the co:n.trov~J:ay as to the natur@ of unJdentified flying objects in a proper scient.i.tic perspective. We (;Ilso trust that jt Will stimulate scientjfic re arch along lines that may yield ii';lp(.n:-t ant new lmo....,leuge. ,3ince.rely yours, On31August]966,COIOl101IvanC.Atkinson,DeputyExecutive DirectoroftheAirForceOfflceofScientificResearch,addresJed alettertotheUniverSityofColoTado.Initheoutlinedthe beliefofAFOSRthatascientificinvestigationoftmidentified flyingobjectsronductedwhollyoutsidethejurisdictionoftheAir Forcewouldbeofunusualsignificancefromthestandpointofboth sdentificintelestinandpublicconcernwlththesubject.Cc}onel Ackinsorequested"thattheUniversityofColoradopart;,dpatein thisinvestigationasthegranteeinstitution."IheUllhecsity~;as askedtoundertakethisscientif'cstudywj~htheuncon01tional guaranteethatlIthesci,'ntistsinvolve:!1"1,1~havecompletefreed.'I':l todesignanddevelopte(.'~1l1iquesfortheJnvi;stigaticmofth.e'/lUJ~c1 physicalahdpsychologicalquestionsraisedinconjunc,i<m'I'..iththi.s p};<enomenona<.~cordingtotheirbe~tscientificjudgment." TherequestofAPOSRwaspursuant':0therecummendationmadein March,1966,ofanadhccpanelu theUnitedStatesAirForceScien- tific/d"'~;oryBoard,chdiredblDr.BrianO'Brien.Subsequently, aschaifll,'li'oftheAJvhor:CommitteetotheAirForce~:ystemsCunur.am' oftheNatIonalAcademySciences-NationalResearchCouncil,Dr.Ol~rien hadadvisedAFOSRonth~suitabilityoftheUniversit)ofColon~doas thegranteeillS~.itution. follOWingrel.'eiptofLolonelAtkinson'5reqUl.'stiiib~l1illforAFOSR, theUniven:ltyadministrationand;.llter ledmeulbersoJthef.l<.~ulty tli,~cussedthepr[lpo~ed"3~udyprojed.,Thl H1bject\<Ia~;1'ecognizedas hQingbothelusiveandl.:o'ltroversialinj':sscic!ltifi,<a~pects.F01' thisrC'a~iOnaloneIthere'wasanul:derstand14hIerelucta,,('f)onthera:rt ofmanysd\mt;.ststoundel":akesuchastuty.Scientistshesitateto I.~ommitthe"rtimetoresearchth8,td,)es!1tt;lppCUl'toofft:reasonably On 31 August ]966, Co1oncl Ivan C. Atkinson, Deputy Exewtive Director of the Air Force OffIce of Scientific Research, addresJcd a letter to the University of ColoTsdo. In it he outlined the belief of AFOSR that a scientific inv0stigation of lUlidentified flying objects ronducted wholly outside the jurisdiction of the Air Force would be of unusual significance from the standpoint of both sdentHic intel8st .in and public concern ..... ith the subject. Cdonel J\ ddns(l requested "that the University of Colorado part; c!pate in this invcsUgation as the grarltee institution." 'ine Uui,.ersity ,;as ~5ked to undertake this sciontlf'c study wj~h the uncon01tional guarantee that "the scl.'ntists involve:! wil} have complete freed.":l to design ilnd develop t(!'~lJliques for (he i.nvcstigatic>n of th~'llrl ~(I physical ar.d psychological questior." rClisecitn conjunc, i::JlJ .. :ith thi.s pt.'~nomenon a<.~cording to their be!'t scientific juJgment." lhe request of AfOSR was pursuant ~o the recummendation mRde in ~lar<.h. 1966, of an ad hcc panel uf' the United States Air Furee Scien- tific id'."50ry Board, cildired bl Dr, Brian O'Brien. Subsequently, as chaj ru,' .... of the AJvi:,or: Committee to the Air Force ~:ystems Cvnur.anr. of the Natlonal Academy Sciences-National Research Council, Dr. Ot~rien had advi'H'd AFOSH on the suiu,bUity of the UniVt'fsit), of Colorado as the grantee illS<.i tution. followlng re~ejpt of Colonel Atkinso~'5 requust ill b~half of APOSH. tlw Univerdty administration and ;.lItct<?,ted menlbers oJ the JJ.culty di.;cussed thl: prnposcd -,,~udy proj eet., Th'l :;ubj eet wa~i l'er.ogni~ed as h(>ing both dusivc (llltl ~:o;ltroversjal in j':;; sr.::ic!ltlfl, a~pects. For this rCfHion alone, thol"(, was an 1I1:derstanr.il'hlc relucta:,o) on the ra:rt of many sdl:J1ti.sts to lIndel~ake s1Jdl a stuly. S~:iClld5ts hesitate to l~ommi t thei l' time to research thl:l.t d,les nc t ;~ppCUl' to oift': reasonably clearavenue,:;by\\hichdefinitl"progres.;"r:aylieIllude.Inaddit.ion, thesubjecthadachieveclconsiderableJlotorietyovertheyears,Many popularbook5andmagaz.inearticleshCidCJ'iti::1zedtheAirrunefor notdevotingmOTeattentiontothesubject;0thcrsc1iticiu(1theAir Forceforpa.yin~any3ttt'lltiollwhateVt;ftoUFOs. Bf'-aring,:hesefactsinmind,theUniven;itydJn:inistrutioncor, eludedthatithadanobligationtothecountrytodowhatitcould toclarifyatangledandconfusedissupwhileffiukingent:rp)y rtain thatthehighestacadernil.:andscie',ltificstandardswouldLL:maint:Jinccl, Fortunately,Dr.EdwardU.Condon,ProfessorofPhysic~qndFellowof theJoint11.stitutcforLaboratoryAstrophysi~s,sharedthiscnncern andwa~willingto~cceptappointmentasscientificdirectorofthe project.Designatedasprincipalinve:,tigatarswithDr.Condon \\CereDr"StuartCook,,'.':"fessorandChairmanoftheDepartmentC'f Psychology,andOr.~"'ranklinE.RO<Jch,ph:'sicistspecializinginatnos- phcTicphysicsattheI:nvi.onlnentalScienceServicesAdr.1inistration, Assist'llltDeanRubertJ.1,0'.oftheCraduateSchoolwa5appojntcu projectcoordiJ1;lto!'. TheUniversityundertookthestudyonl 011conditionthatitwou]c:II' conductedusanarmLdsdenLflcresearch\}J'ojcct,SUbjectonlytothe professionalscientLfiejudgmentofth Jirectorandhisa1d s.Fr(' - domfromcontrolbythe~rill1tll1ga~:ency\~HSguaranteednotonlyhythe as~crtionsofColonc'lAtkinson,bll~"alsohytheprovisionthatthe l'ompletl'report.IfheI'inding';ofthe:,tuoywouldbel11UuCavail<:lldeto thepub]il'. In;dditiolltheUI11vcrsit'/rlco..:ni/.vd1.h,:tth',':it:uLly,(1:;ti:l' firstUndl'rt,l~;('non:lbrl);j,,'Il\;..;11tIll,;fi('ld,W'.'d~avcserni"...] t't"fcct.ItthClr.d'Ol"CJe~ircJthecooperation01'til'::-;cientlficcOlnmllt;ity atlarge.AS~\lr~ncl: nf~;Uprl)!'t{lTldcOIlI'~(lwereforthcomingfrom ~;uchil1',titutiollSH:,the~lat,'.tla1Centerf:)fAlll\osphcr\\:l{cscafch(NCi\H) mdtheEnvironnlt'lltalSciCI1C!!l'rvicr)i;I\dmillistratjoll(W;SA),andfrom cle,lr avenue" by which Jcfin..it('" progres.; ;:a:; 1)(' Illude. In addit.ion, the subject had achievecl consiJeruble Jlotori.ety over t.he years, Many popular book: and magaz.i.ne articles hi.d cl'ili:::lzed the Ail' Force fOT not devoting mUTe attention t,) the subject; I.lthcrs niticiZl,1 the Air Fc)rce for payin~ any attt"ntioll whatever to UFOs. B~aring ',:hese facts in mind, the Unhersity <.IJn:.inistrtltion ':0[,' eluded that it had an obligation to the country to do what it could to clarify a tangled and confused i5SU~ while making en':rrly rtain that the highest academit.: and Sc1e',ltific stalldarus w(m'J L'-' maint'lincd. Fortunately, Dr, Edward U. Condon, Professor of Phy5ic~ qnd fellow of the .Joint 11.~ti tllto for Labo:'atory A:;trophysil:s l shared th.i s C(lnCer:1 and wa5 wllling to ~ccept appoint~ent as scientific director of the project. Designated as principal invcHtigatars with Dr. Condon "~'re Vr. Stuart Cook, I, :..fi\SSOl' Bnu Chai rrnan of the lkpartment 0f Psycho logy, and Or, L'rankl in E. RO(l(;h, ph:'s i.d s t sped [j li zing j n a tnos- phoric phy.;ics at the Lnvi."onlnental Science Sorvit:es Adr.linistr:1tion. :1.s:;iStllllt lkan Rubert .J. 1,0,. of the Cruduate School was apl'ointeu project coordillator. The Univcrsi ty undertOOK the study anIr 011 condi tioll that it \\IOU] c: II' conducted as a norlndl sdcnLflc research ',lJ'ojcc:t. subject only to th(' professional :-;cicntlflc juugmcnt of th\) director and his aid~,s. I're,:- dom from control br the /ZrilJ1ti ng <l.i:ency \'/HS guaranteed not only hy the ;ls~L'rtions of CoJonC'l Atkins()n, bli~. also hy the provi sion thHt tlw l"')lIlpletl' l'eport ,If he fi nding'; 0(' the "tudy would be muue aval htl.de to (he publ ic'. 1n ,dliitioll the Utlivt't'sit',: I'l'co,>:nii.vd t.h;:t til'" !;t.1.11.ly, a:-; tLe first undl'J't(I);cn on:t 11I',);j, .,'1l", ;J1 thi-; fit.'ld, \1, d ~'ave semi'wI d-fcd, It tllct",fon' Je~ireu the cooperatioll or til' ,icientlfh: c.ommll at Jilrgl'. Assllr:tnC(' nt' ~;Upr-'Ht :tTld C011I'~cl W!'T'l' forthl'ominy, front ,;uch ill'd i tutiOlls H:, the ~Iut, '.nil 1 Cente! 1':)1: I\llll()spher\\: \{c;scafc.h (NCAH) lnu the Environnlt'lltal SCi('lll:i~ 'l'rvJc,)~; ,\t\ministratjoll (W;S!\), and froln manyscientistsandscienti{~rinstitutionsinotherpartsofthe TheUniversityalsowelcomedanarrangementwherebythemethods undre~ultsofthestudywouldbecriticallyexaminedattheCOflclusion oftheproject,ThiscOOpt/rationIva')extendedbyth~NationalAcademy ofSdencl'5,whichannouncedinitsOctober1966NeuJ8Reportthatthe Academyhadagreedtoreviewth~UnivcristyofColoradostudyuponits completionin1968.Unh.~sitatinglyagreeingtothisindependentcxam- inatirJnofthestudy,theASOFRannouncedthatitwouldcon~'.~l(''the J\AS)'cviel\'a"furtherindependentcheckonthes<.:tentificv~l1ic1ityof t:1emethodofinve,',;tigation." InOctoher,1966,thescient!f:iGdirectorassemblf;',~HJi10dest~;taff centeredattheUniversitycampusjnBoulderandworkL)(gan.Tnaddi- tion,agreementswerecnte:-cdintohetweentheUlliver:;ityandsuch institutionsasNCAR,theInstitutesofESSA,theStanfordI<esearch InstituteandtheUniversityofArizonaforthescientificandte(hnical rvicesofpersonsinspecializedfieldsofkno~ledgebearinguponthe sul',ectunderinvestigation.Thusitbecame.:pos."iblctostudyspedic topicsbothatBoulderandelsewhereandtf)bringtobearupontheJata gatheredbytheproject'sfieldinvestigatj"nteamswhateverexpertise mightberequiredforfullanalysisoftheinforll1aLon. Thereportofthestudythatwasconductedovertheensuing18 monthsispresented011thefollowingpages.Itisle:lgthyanddiverse inthesubject:ittn'd,s,whichrangefromhistcrytocriticaleXl1mi-- nationofeye-I.itn.~:;srCjirJrts;frCll1llaboratoryanalysistopresentation of~ener;11~,~'mtificpruH,::ipl('s.Noclaimofperfectionisl1Iadefor tILE~.tud}'ll'foritsre:;ult:-;,sInceI.i.keanyscientificendeav,)f!it co\dc.:h;J"'"->I'iltlprovedIIpon-';speclallyfromt.hevflntagc,wdll~,of hindsight.~'Iereade'"should..husbearinmindthatth.i'stuu;'r~-prc- sentsthefir~\t:.ttOltlptby;1s.:roupof.1ghl)'qual1fJ,(I,'iCienti;.;t?>;;''\d !ipCI:i.l1iststor";,dll;;ll' oJdlyUidd''ipas: 5UJ,jCCtthat(,JS many s~ientists and scientl~:r institutions in other purts of the The University also welcomed an arrangement whereby the methods <Illd re~;tl1 ts of the study would be cdticai ly examined at the conclusion of the project. This coop~ratl0n wa~ extended by th~ Nacional Academy of SdenCl'5, which announced in its October 1906 New8 lIeport that the Academy had agreed to review th~ Unlverlsty of Colorado study upon its complr.tion in 1968. Unh,~sitatillgly agreejng to this independent cxam- inatirm of the study, the ASOFR announced that it woul<l COrl: 1.;1("" the NAS l'Cview a "furthel' independent chcl;k on the scientific v:l1icii ty of t:1C method of inve~.;tigatjon.1i III Q"toher. 1966, the sci(mtifjc director assembl,:,,; <t li'odest "taff centered at the University can~us in Moulder and work blgan. Tn uddi- ti on. agreement s were l'Il te:::'cd into between the Uni vcr:; i ty and such institutions as NCAR, the Institutes of f.:SSA, the Stanford I<esearc.h Institute and the UniVersIty of Arizona for the scientific and technical pvices uf persons in specialized fields of kno~ledge bearing upon the ~ul',ect under investigation. Tllus it became po:;.<;iblc to study spcdfi.:: topics both at Buulder and elsewhere and to bring to bear upon the Jata gathered by the project's field invcstigati"n teams whatever cxpertJse might be require,l for full analysis of the infonnaLon. The repurt of th~ study thot was cOllductc<l over the ensuing 18 months h presented 011 the following pages. It is le:lgthy and di verse in the subjc<.:t, it tnd,s, which range from hi stt'ry t() crHical extamj nation of eye-I:itncs~ reports; fr0m laboratory analysIs to prcsentatlon Dr ,l?cner;d ~.~' :ntific prlllclpit's. No claim of pcrfcl:tion is made for th.,; ,.tudr U' for its r\~;;tllt:" slncc I.i.ke any ~cicntifi( enueav.H,. it hindsight. '''' i11lpro1'cu upon ! 'Ie readcl' sJlOuld ., f'S]lfJClalJy fro11l t.he VHJ1tagep'JjJI~. of ..hue; bl'or in mind that 1h.1' stUll;' r ... pre- sents tht' fint :,ttn1l1pt by n group of .1. ~hly l.juaJifJ;.(, .';cicnti:;t:. ;;,d ~;pc,:i<ll ists to ,";"m; ;11' ,:uJdly (1;.J d' ';pas:1iollutt' I.:' U ot.l 'jcct that (I.IS arousedthelmagillationan,le!!~cti(Jn5of~;ornl')JL'TSOIISHnJI'usintrigued manyot:H~rs. oonestuJycananswc'rallquestions;hut;tcanpoint outnewlinesfor,'cst'arch,itcancrossoffsome,i.JeasLSnotfruit- fulforfurH',crinquiry,anditcanlilyton-lstatlea::;~:;;omerumor's, ge:ration5,andimaginings. ThurstonI:.~lan~1illg ViceI'resi(h'nt:'orAcr.Jemic,\ffairs Boulder,C0loradc uctober31,1908 aroused the lmagillation ,In,1 en:ction~ ()f samt' !JL'YSOIIS ;l:JU I'us intrigued many ot:Hrs. (l ont~ stuuy can answ('l' all quest.ions; hut it can point out new lines for rcst'arch, it cun cross off some lJcas [os not fruit- ful for furtLe r i nqui ry, and it can Illy t () l"e!-' tat 1 e;1:; _ :i orne rut1l,)rs, c xa;;ge:ra t ion:;, an d irnagi Il i ng~ . Boulder, C010radc uctober 31, 1%8 Thurston 1:. ~Ian:lillg Vice I'rcsidl:nt ;'or Acr.uernic ,\fLllrs LetterofTransmittalii; CondusiollSanJRecol1ll1lclluutiOIlS. . .2 Sumn:aryoftheStudy,..,,..",lU TIl(.'WorkoftheCOIOT<ldoProjc<t AnIi1y isofUFOPho,:ogr,lphicEvdcr:c DirectPhysicalEvidence.....,......128 IndireelPhysicalFvicicncc.. . . . . . . . .'46 Optical(UlJRadarAll(1)'sisor:t,'.JC(,1~;esJ73 VisualObservationsMadcby byU.S.,'SU,;l.Ll,ltS......26H Clli',pter Cilaptl'l",~ i.tr:',tudeS\.!rvey,. (aSl'StllJie~ Ca~r!Stud1('sPrel1,ltingthe'1',r.l ul'thePnjl~d. ,..... CI:""~;t\JJ1us[!:lrllllo:theTerm