COPIES 70: H. C. Bjornlle, A-833 LIGHT/MAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTION EXPERIMENT The light/magnetic field (8/C) Interaction experiment has erformed and concluded. A description of the experi- ment, the results and r cconmendations are attached to this memorandum. Attachment -Noted LIGHT/~GNETIC FIELD CB/C) INTERACTION EXPERI~1ENT It Is conjectured that thcr speed of propagation of light Is modified when passing through a mar1netic field. It is the purp0'5e of this experiment to determine If such an effect exists. The experiment Is to make use of existing aoparatus If possl~le# with a minimum expendi- ture for the purchase of flew ~qu lp~nt. A chan.ge In light velocity is detected as a change in wave length of the affected light beam In the following manner: One light beam of a r-.~ach-Zender interferometer Is passed through the air core of a 15 foot long solenoid# which develops a flux density of 2560 gauss. This beo~ Is then combined with the reference beam to forrn interference fringes which are focussed on a multi-cell silicon- diode transducer. The electrical output of the cells# and the Input current to the solenoid are simultaneously and continuously recorded. EQUIPMENT: Ll ght Source University Laboratories Inc'# Helium-Neon Gas Laser, Model 240# I Mt lllwatt, 6328A. Sanbom# Model 53 battery pc,.,.ercd 110 vdc source, provides alternate power source for laser without 60Hz noise. Optical System Three front surface mirrors, approxf~ately I inch x 1-1/2 Inch (source and characteristics unknown), One be~ splitter, appro>.imately 2-1/2 Inch x 3 Inch <Eiinund Scien- tific-(characteristics unknO\'tn), Collins Mlcroflat Co,, two granite surface plates with three odjust- able le~s# 12 Inch x 18 inch x 3 Inch; four granite angle plates# 3 inch x 3 inch x 4 inch, toolroom grade B. Magnet! c F i e I d Mag-Tran, Model SA-380 solenoid. T\~o concentric coils# continuoJsly wound to produce additive fltJX< 15ft. l ong x 2,8 Inch outs i de dia., wound on an aluminum alloy tube of 1-11/16 Inch outsi de dia. Tt:e wiro. Is #3 gauge square magnet wire (.229 in) with glass f! lament Insulation. The solenoid is containo<1 .tlthln a steel tube o f 3 Inch cutsldo dla. x 1/4 Inch wall thickness. ;;:_ i"'-~ thick. steel plates are bolted to wel ded flanges to close the ends ~.- ~l1H tube, The t11be is supported on 4 Integr a l stands wi ~h Its center l ;, ' ""~' -: V4 inch above the floor. air core of the solenoid Is thermally lnsulateu :-..,~: ... he at-~:._ ... mandrel by two concentric PVC plastic tubes (water pipe> .. :-..-, rrovide a 1/2 inch dla. air path through the center of the sole~oid, Power Is supplied by a Miller Electric Mfg. Model SR-IOOOOIA, 50 KW at 80,160 or 320 vdc, variac control led, The power supply Is pro- tected by a "crow-bar" circuit consisting of a IN3289 diode <GE A70B) and a 100 MF0-450 WVOC electrolytic capacltnr In paral lei across the solenoid tennlnals. Ins t rumant at I on Current through the solenoid Is measured across a 1000 amp -50 mv The Interference fringes are projected on a ruled line pattern of the same spacing as the fringes. ~he pattern Is ruled with black felt tip pen on paper vellum which Is cemented to a 2 Inch x 3 Inch micro- scope glass Immediately above the light sensor. The sensor consists of 19 Hoffman 55C silicon cells (3/16 Inch square) arranged In two The cells and line patterns are arranged such that peak volt- ages for the two rows are phased tao apart. Each row of cells Is series wired. Output of the sensor Is read as a voltage differential be,tween the two t"OWS of cells. A Sanborn model 320 dual chann~l de amplifier-recorder Is used to record the Inputs described above. _When the I lght source Is operated on ac power, a 60 Hz f liter ( .22-MFO -51 Kn) Is used wl th the light sensor input, See Page 3 for schematic-of equipment arrangement. PROCEDURE: Since the amount of anticipated fringe shift Is an unknown, preliminary runs were made to visually observe fringe movement and record voltage and current readings at the solenoid. Peak power observed was 49,02 KW (570 a,, 86 v.>. Fringe movement was very erratic but indicated th.at any effect (signal) would be much less than lA In magnitude . To pro- vide a quantitative picture of fringe movement, the sensor described previously was fabricated from avai fable laboratory surplus parts, In conjunction with the chart recorder, this sensor Is capable of re- solving "'2 parts In 109, The majority of the background noise was due to air temperature varia- tions external to the solenoid. This was caused by the room air con- ditioning outlets immediately above the apparatus. This was cured by blocking the air outlets and constructing thermdl-insulative enclosures for the light path, Additional noise was Introduced via mechanical coupling with the power supply blower. Thls was eliminated by dis- connecting the blower. Subsequent runs using the light sensor and recorder required additional noise reduction by means of a 60Hz RC fl Iter and isolation of the solenoid housing from the thermal covers on the optical system. OPTICAL SYSTEM 6 -BEAM SPL.liTSR L -t-JSGATLVE: LE:NS. NO SCALE.--- ..QUI Pt,ANT ARRANGM~NT -UNlT 52-RM 102 PROCEDURES: (Contd) The residual randan noise was <'A/50 for most of the run; from #10 through the last one, #17. A/50 Is the d.istance equivalent of the previously stated resolution of~ 2 parts In 109. On the chart record of runs 612 and #13 are i 'lustrated the curve deflectio1s which would be anticipated If the max1mum field were to cause a 'A/4J fringe shift. Comparing these to the ac-tual recorded curves clearly shows an absence of signal at this field strength. Heating of the air core of the solenoid during operation causes a pre- dictable displacement of fringes at the av~rage rate of IA/min. riewever, this poses no problem in signal discrimination if the field is applied and removed rapidly. The limiting cycle time for the field is approxi- mately 4 sec. and Is due to manual operation of the variac. The measured time constant of the coli (95%) is ~ .01 sec. Flux leakage at the end plate joints of the solenoid housing was checked with a Bell Gaussmeter. Readings of~ 10 gauss@ 100 a. ere taken both with and without a soft-steel wire gasket ben~een end-plate and flange. No signal of the type anticipated was <?bserved within "the I imi~s of resolution of the existing apparatus ('A/50 or~ 2 parts in 10 c RECOJ\f"ENDATIONS: When the ~heory is sufficiently advanced to be able to predict the effect within a few ordcrs of magnitude, the possiti llties of experi- mental verification should be examined again. The follcwlng improve- ment-s to the present apparatus have been inves~lgated. Sign~! Amplification An Increase In flux density x length can be accompl ! shed inexpensively I. Addition of a second solenoid and secoi1d potJer supply, I t ava i I ab I e . 2. Recirculating the light be<3m through the !;olenoid throe comparison of "these techniqu~s is shown on Page 5. The second method above was tried by modi tying the existing apparatus as Indicated on Page 6 . To accomodate the three pas5es of the beam through the solenoid, the 2 PVC tubes were removed and ~he apertures In the end-plates were Increased i n size. The alignrnent p.-ocedure was much more difficult due to the added mirrors and path length. COMPARISON OF PROPOSED t-'.ODIFICAT:Q\1$ TO LIGHT/MAGNETIC FIELD EXP.ERIMENT (Performance Is Cc~pared To Original Experiment In Percentages) MAG. Fl ELD SIGNAL TE.\1P. RAND<J.1 MODIFICATICN NOISE Gauss-Meter s Two Identical Solenoids on Existing PONer Supply. ! Flux Directions Opposing t Each Other. Twu Identical Solenoids On Separate Identical Power Supplies. Flux Directions Opposing Single So!enoid Ex i 5 t i ng Po.-1er Supply. light Oc~ Recircu- lated to 3 Times Existing Path Length. ModificaTion A, Plus light Beam Recl rcu- lated to 3 Times Ex i sting PaTh Length Modification 8 , Plus Beam Recircu - lated to 3 Times Existing Path Length SCHEMATIC/ OF tv\ACH-Z.tNDE.R 1NTSRF8<DMC:.TR l)JtTH POUBLE. LOOP L-IG~T PAl .. HS. ~50L~JOID B -BEAM SPLITISR IV\-MIRP.OR I--NE:G:>ATIVG:. G6NS RcCaJ.MENDATIONS <Ccntd.) this modification increases the signal threefold, random noise Is also increased, fringe brightness Is reduced by a factor of 9 and fringe definition Is degraded. With the existing sensor, slightly modi- fled, It was not possible to approach the ~esolutlon previously attained. This technique requires a laser of greater intensity and coherency than was used, in order to achieve the quality of fringe pattern required. Improved Resolution Reso I uti on can be Imp roved by deve I op I ng a more sensItIve sensIng tech- nique and using synchronous methods for lsol~tlng signal from background noise. By projecting the fringe pattern on a! screen having alternating reflective and absorbtive lines of the same spacing as the fringes, the e~tire cross section of the I ight beam can be used as a fringe shift indicator. This Image of variable brightness can be focussed, by means of lenses, on a highly sensiti.ve, fast reacting ilght sensor. A bridge c 1 rcu it can be used to con vc rt its ch ang.e in res 1 stance to a re ccrdab I e H. C. Bjorn! ie Advanced C Fig. I. General Arrangement Of Experimental Apparatus. Optical Sensor In Lower Right Corner Fig. 2. Light Source He-Ne Gas Laser (632~) With 110 v . ~Battery Power Supply Flg.-3. lnt~rferometer. Near End, With Cover Removed . Optical System is Arranged For Ooub I a- Loop Path. End Plate Of Solenoid Is In Upper Right, In Line With Laser Axt s Fig. 4. Interferometer, Far End, With Cover Removed. Optical System Is Arranged For Double- Loop Path. Fig. 5. lnterfercrneter, Far End, With Complete Housing Removed. Optical Element At Right Is Negative Lens. Solenoid End Plate Is At Left. Protruding leads Attach To "Crow-Bar" Circuit And Power Cables. Thermal Insulating Tubes Lie On Floor Behind Solenoid. Fig. 6. Far End Of Solenoid Sh011i ng "Crew-Bar" And Power Cables Fig. 7. Optical Sensor With Housl ng Removed . Fig. 8. Interference Fringes. Center Section Shows 5-1/4 Wave Lengths, Lower Section (Barely VIsible) Shows 1-3/4 Wave Lengths COPIES TO: REFERENCE: M~MORANDUM R. M. Wood, A-830 J. M. lsrown/D. B. Harmon, 1\-830 CURRENTLY PREFERRED PROPULSION CONCEPT C. P. Thomas, A-830; File INTRODUCTION In a previous memorandum, Reference I, a broad spectrum of propulsion concepts was I isted and discussed. Certain general directions of effort which could lead to a propulsion concept were ou~lined in this reference, The purpose of this memorandum i s to review the efforts of the past six months, indicate the presently preferred propulsion concept, point out the various degrees of confidence felt for each parameter or portion of the propulsion concept, and indicate the direc1ion of future effort. BACKGROUND The propulsion concepts spectrum listed In Reference I essentially con- sisted of a generic listing of alI known possibilities. For various reasons of flexibl lity, efficiency, and funding ihe concepts were screened so that three generic types remained for consideration: I. External sources- a . Ea._rth Magnetic Field Earth Electrosiatlc Field Ea~th Gravltaiional Field 2 . Stored Energy-Nuclear Annlhi lation 3. Free Field Energy-a. Brutino Field b. Air Molecules Furthermore, for space propulsion, types I and '3b are eliminated. Thus, efforts during the past six months have been directed a long the general approc:ch of nuclear annihi la- iion and brutino free field energy. Nuclear annihilation consists of convertJng the Individual (orbital) elec- trons (and nuclear particles> into photons (neutrinos and/or brutinos). Since the nuclear binding forces as wei I as the forces which hold individual nuclear particles together are preslllled to be due to brutino fields (i.e., brutino flow patterns), by sufficiently rearranging the fields it shoul d be possible to break up matter. Matter annihilation requires high intensity fiel ds and the degree of intensity may de pend scmewhat upon the Individual rnatter particle being annihilated. Vlhen technology has advanced so that sufficiently high fields are obtained, matter annihilation undoubtedly will be discovered as a matter of course, and i n a very short tirre after achievement of adequate field intensity. Analytical .,,ork could be performed with the goals of defining the required fiel d strength and optimum charac1eristics for annihl latlon ~s wei I as with the goal of achieving high intensity fields. Efforts a long these lines <We not been pursued directly since the chance of beating current established methods of physics is deemed not as good as for the free field energy concept. One free field energy concept using bru1inos basically is a scherne for beating the second law of thennodynnmics. The st<llistical m-~chanics Interpretation of the second law Implies that assemblages of p~rlicles must have configurations which either remain static or must pass to a more uniform state. This free field energy concept Is based on taking particles (brutinos) from a uniform population into a vehicle (or propulsion subsys1om) then rciC",ISing them In a particular direc- tion. The propulsive force results from the recol I of the directional release of the par11cles. Energy and I incar momentum are con~erved in the process. The con- servation of angular momentum hus not been exumincd und may boa problan. Such organization processes are generally believed to exist, but are not understood. Another free field enerqy concept consists of forrnlng neutrinos from free brutlnos, both groups of which travel in the same direction, which results in a thrust through- out the vehicle In a di rcction opposite the neutrino flow, ~lork in this area is judged to have a greater chance of success than on nuclear annihl lation. EFFORTS DURING THE PAST SIX MONTHS The primary efforts during the past six months have been approximately half on the general kinetic particle equation of continuity and half on the rela- tivity observations. The general kinetic particle equation of continuity is bel leved to be the general equation which mathematically represents all configurations of matter and radiation in the universe. <There Is a possibll ity that an added oquatlon of may be necessary.) Thus, everything in tho universe is uniquely determined as a solution to this equation with the approprlalc boundary conditions. The pre- sent status of the paper containing the equation clC"r-ivation is 1hat there is an uncertainty i n one section of the probabl I ity analysts. Once this is cleared up he papor wou I d be comp I ete and accurate. Future work shou I d be directed toward finding solutions. For example, the easiest one to find is the particle distribu- tion whlc.h is constant with the three space coordin~tcs, the two directional co- ordinates, and time, and varies \'lith speed--I.e., the Maxweli-Boltzmclnn distribu- tion. Achievement of the Maxwel !-Boltzmann distribution from 1hls formulation, If rea II zed, shou I d be regarded as a sIgnIfIcant accon.p I i shment. Durl ng the I ast three months efforts Wf'rc directed tO\'lard the reI at i vi 1y observations ( gravl tat I on a I dcf I oct ion of light, gr ,wi tat ion a I red shift, ro"tati on of perehella, lllchelson-~1orley experimont, partlcl<> accelerator performance, Compton effect, and abberation of light). Two significant reasons for analyzing these ob- servations are: I) to obtain insight Into the solu1ion of the general kinetic part- Icle equation, and 2> to establish the credibility of the general approach; I.e., to the postulated kinetic particle universe. Two pap~rs have been completed on the relativity observ'ations: I) A Kineti c Particle An .. tlysis of The Gravitational Deflec- tion of Light, and 2) A Newtonian Analysis of Compton Scattering. The first paper \'tas based on very simple mathcm<Jtical assumptions, 1~hich appear to be consistent with the kinetic particle postulates, and predicts "' result \'lhich is very ncar the observed result and which Is much closer than the ~''nerally accepted relativitistic prediction. Tho second paper obtains a prediction of Compton scattering using New- tonian mechanics which is indistinguishable from the r elativistic prediction. Nc"'- tonian mechanics results rigorously from the kinetic particle postulates and, the significance of this second paper, is that relativistic theory is not necessary to explain the observed effect. Current efforts are being directed toward particle R. tA. Wood A-830 <:~ccelorator p<'rformance <:~nd to the more basic problem of "force" definition in terms of brutinos and various types of brutino field arrangements. FREE FIELD ENERGY PROPULSION C~lCEPT Only three brutino free field concepts arc known. All three collect brutinos from an omnidirectional field and emits directionally . One concept emits these bru1lnos i n the form of neutrinos (and/or antlneutrinos), another emi1s in the form of photons, and another emits in the form of free brutinos. The brutino c apture-neutrino release i s believed to be the mechanism of gravitation and thus, a process known to exist. However, a mechanism for directional release must be ob- 1alned for this concept. In addition, In order to achieve an acceleration level of I g , mdny orders of magnitude increase in emission rate must be obtained. Both of 1hcse problems a re consi dered to be challenging. The brutlno capture-photon release mechanism may be the basic mechanism which produces the energy of a star. If so, a brutino to photon production mechanism exists. Dl rection<:~l re l ease of photons can be achieved using r eflectors and Is no problem. Thus, If the mechanism actually exists then the speed-up (by a factor of many orders of magnitude for I g> problem is the challenging problem. All the portions of the third free field energy concept, brutlno capture-brutino directional release, appear at least as uncertain and diffi- cult as the worse of either of the other two concepts and, as such, Is not considered Tho attached tab l e presents a summary of the factors currently believed to be pertinent to achievement of the brutino to neutrino. and brutino to phot on free field propulsion concepts. In addition, an ind